Settlement houses: Community centers in urban areas providing services such as education, healthcare, and childcare to immigrants and the poor. Example: Hull House founded by Jane Addams in Chicago.
New Immigrants: Immigrants who arrived from Southern and Eastern Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often facing nativism and harsh living conditions.
Yellow journalism: Sensationalist journalism aimed at attracting readers with exaggerated stories, exemplified by newspapers like those of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU): Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, viewing it as a source of societal problems.
Realism/Naturalism: Literary movements that depicted everyday life with a focus on accurate and unidealized portrayals. Authors like Mark Twain and Stephen Crane were prominent figures.
City Beautiful movement: A reform philosophy promoting beautification and monumental grandeur in cities, aiming to counteract the effects of industrialization.
Jane Addams: Social reformer who co-founded Hull House in Chicago, providing services to immigrants and the urban poor.
Booker T. Washington: Prominent African American leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-help as means to achieve racial equality.
W.E.B. Du Bois: African American intellectual who opposed Washington's approach, advocating for immediate civil rights and higher education for the "Talented Tenth."
Mark Twain: Author and humorist known for works like "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," which satirized aspects of American society.
Chapter 26
Reservation system: Policies that confined Native American tribes to designated areas to open up land for white settlers, often leading to loss of traditional lands and lifestyles.
Battle of Little Bighorn: 1876 battle where General Custer's forces were defeated by a coalition of Native American tribes led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.
Battle of Wounded Knee: 1890 massacre of Lakota Sioux by U.S. troops, marking the end of major Native American resistance.
Dawes Severalty Act: 1887 law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots.
Populists: A political party in the late 19th century representing farmers and laborers, advocating for free silver, income tax, and government ownership of railroads.
William McKinley: 25th U.S. President whose administration was marked by the Spanish-American War and the annexation of the Philippines.
Chapter 27
Teller Amendment: 1898 declaration that the U.S. would not annex Cuba following the Spanish-American War.
Rough Riders: Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War, famous for their charge up San Juan Hill.
Insular Cases: Supreme Court rulings that determined constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all territories under American control.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: 1901 agreement between the U.S. and Britain giving the U.S. the right to build and control a canal through Central America.
Roosevelt Corollary: Extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.
Liliuokalani: Last queen of Hawaii who was overthrown by American interests in 1893.
William Taft: 27th U.S. President and later Chief Justice, known for his "dollar diplomacy" in foreign policy.
Teddy Roosevelt: 26th U.S. President known for his progressive reforms, trust-busting, and conservation efforts.
Gentlemen’s Agreement: 1907 informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan to limit Japanese immigration to the U.S.
Chapter 28
Social gospel: A religious movement that emphasized social justice and the Christian duty to help the less fortunate.
Meat Inspection Act/Pure Food and Drug Act: 1906 laws passed to ensure the quality and safety of food and pharmaceuticals, spurred by Upton Sinclair’s "The Jungle."
Muller v. Oregon: 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld laws limiting women’s working hours based on health and social concerns.
Lochner v. New York: 1905 Supreme Court case that struck down a law limiting bakers' working hours, citing freedom of contract.
Chapter 29
Federal Reserve Act: 1913 law establishing the Federal Reserve System to regulate the money supply and provide a stable financial system.
Federal Trade Commission Act: 1914 law creating the Federal Trade Commission to prevent unfair business practices.
Adamson Act: 1916 law establishing an eight-hour workday for railroad workers.
Pancho Villa: Mexican revolutionary whose incursions into the U.S. led to a punitive expedition by General Pershing.
Assassination that sparked WWI: The killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914, leading to the outbreak of World War I.
U-boats/Lusitania: German submarines that sunk ships during WWI; the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 shifted American opinion towards entering the war.
Zimmerman Note: A 1917 proposal from Germany to Mexico to join forces against the U.S., intercepted by British intelligence and fueling American entry into WWI.
Schenck v. United States: 1919 Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act, stating that free speech could be limited during wartime.
Great Migration: The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban North for job opportunities during WWI.
Fighting for the 19th Amendment: Efforts by women’s suffrage activists leading to the 1920 amendment granting women the right to vote.
League of Nations: International organization proposed by Wilson to promote peace, which the U.S. ultimately did not join.
Treaty of Versailles: 1919 treaty that ended WWI, imposing heavy reparations on Germany and establishing the League of Nations.
Chapter 30
Red scare: Post-WWI fear of communism and radicalism in the U.S., leading to widespread suspicion and the Palmer Raids.
Immigration Act of 1924: Law that set quotas limiting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians.
Volstead Act: 1919 law enforcing Prohibition, banning the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
Bible Belt/Fundamentalism: Region in the Southern U.S. where Protestant fundamentalism was strong, advocating for literal interpretation of the Bible.
Harlem Renaissance: Cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, celebrating African American culture and arts.
Sacco & Vanzetti: Italian immigrants and anarchists whose controversial trial and execution highlighted issues of nativism and justice.
Scopes Trial: 1925 trial over the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools, symbolizing the conflict between science and religious fundamentalism.
Henry Ford: Industrialist who revolutionized automobile manufacturing with the assembly line, making cars affordable for many Americans.
Margaret Sanger: Birth control activist who opened the first birth control clinic and founded organizations that evolved into Planned Parenthood.
F. Scott Fitzgerald/Ernest Hemingway/Langston Hughes: Prominent authors of the 1920s and 30s; Fitzgerald and Hemingway were key figures in the Lost Generation, while Hughes was a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance.
Chapter 31
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 international agreement attempting to prevent war, ultimately ineffective.
Teapot Dome scandal: 1920s bribery scandal involving the Harding administration's leasing of public oil fields to private companies.
Dawes Plan: 1924 plan to restructure German reparations payments after WWI to stabilize the German economy.
Black Tuesday/Stock market crash: October 29, 1929, marked the beginning of the Great Depression.
Herbert Hoover/Hoovervilles: 31st U.S. President associated with the onset of the Great Depression; shantytowns named after him as symbols of economic despair.
Bonus Army: 1932 protest by WWI veterans demanding early payment of a promised bonus, dispersed by the military.
Warren G. Harding: 29th U.S. President known for his pro-business policies and scandals, including Teapot Dome.
Calvin Coolidge: 30th U.S. President known for his laissez-faire economic policies and support for big business.
Chapter 32
New Deal: Series of programs and reforms introduced by FDR to combat the Great Depression, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform.
Hundred Days: The first period of FDR’s presidency in which many New Deal programs were enacted.
Dust Bowl: Severe drought and dust storms in the 1930s that devastated the Great Plains, displacing thousands of farmers.
Court-packing plan: FDR’s failed proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court to ensure support for his New Deal programs.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 32nd U.S. President who led the country through the Great Depression and WWII with his New Deal policies and leadership.
Teller Amendment: 1898 resolution stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba following the Spanish-American War.
Rough Riders: Volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War, known for their charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill.
Insular Cases: A series of Supreme Court decisions determining that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all territories acquired by the U.S.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: 1901 agreement between the U.S. and Britain, allowing the U.S. to build and control a canal through Central America.
Roosevelt Corollary: Extension of the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt, asserting U.S. intervention in Latin American nations to maintain stability.
Liliuokalani: Last reigning queen of Hawaii, overthrown in 1893 by American businessmen and residents.
William Taft: 27th U.S. President and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, known for "dollar diplomacy" to further U.S. economic interests abroad.
Teddy Roosevelt: 26th U.S. President, known for his progressive reforms, trust-busting, conservation efforts, and the Panama Canal.
Gentlemen’s Agreement: 1907-1908 informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan to restrict Japanese immigration in exchange for better treatment of Japanese-Americans.
Chapter 28
Social Gospel: Movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious ethics to address social justice issues, such as poverty and labor conditions.
Meat Inspection Act/Pure Food and Drug Act: 1906 laws aimed at regulating the meatpacking industry and ensuring the safety of food and drugs, spurred by Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle."
Muller v. Oregon: 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld a law limiting women’s work hours, recognizing the state's interest in protecting women's health.
Lochner v. New York: 1905 Supreme Court case that struck down a state law setting maximum working hours for bakers, citing the right to contract freely.
Chapter 29
Federal Reserve Act: 1913 law establishing the Federal Reserve System, which created a central banking system to regulate the economy.
Federal Trade Commission Act: 1914 law creating the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to prevent unfair business practices and promote consumer protection.
Adamson Act: 1916 law establishing an eight-hour workday for railroad workers, with additional pay for overtime.
Pancho Villa: Mexican revolutionary leader whose attacks on American soil led to a U.S. military expedition into Mexico.
Assassination that sparked WWI: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914, which led to the outbreak of World War I.
U-boats/Lusitania: German submarines (U-boats) that attacked Allied and neutral ships during WWI; the sinking of the British liner Lusitania in 1915 influenced U.S. entry into the war.
Zimmerman Note: A secret 1917 proposal from Germany to Mexico to join forces against the U.S. in WWI, intercepted by British intelligence, prompting U.S. entry into the war.
Schenck v. United States: 1919 Supreme Court decision upholding the Espionage Act, ruling that free speech could be limited when it posed a "clear and present danger."
Great Migration: Movement of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North for job opportunities during and after WWI.
Fighting for the 19th Amendment: Efforts by women's suffrage activists, culminating in the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, granting women the right to vote.
League of Nations: International organization proposed by President Wilson to promote peace and prevent future wars, which the U.S. Senate ultimately refused to join.
Treaty of Versailles: 1919 treaty ending WWI, which imposed harsh penalties on Germany and established the League of Nations.
Chapter 30
Red Scare: Period of intense fear of communism and radical political ideas in the U.S. after WWI, leading to government crackdowns on suspected radicals.
Immigration Act of 1924: Law that established quotas limiting immigration from certain countries, especially targeting Southern and Eastern Europeans and Asians.
Volstead Act: 1919 law that provided for the enforcement of Prohibition, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the U.S.
Bible Belt/Fundamentalism: Region in the Southern U.S. where Protestant fundamentalism was prevalent, advocating for a literal interpretation of the Bible.
Harlem Renaissance: Cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, celebrating African American cultural contributions.
Sacco & Vanzetti: Italian anarchists convicted and executed for robbery and murder in the 1920s, amid controversial and possibly biased proceedings.
Scopes Trial: 1925 trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee public school, highlighting the conflict between science and religious fundamentalism.
Henry Ford: American industrialist who revolutionized automobile manufacturing with assembly line production, making cars affordable for the masses.
Margaret Sanger: Birth control activist who founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the organization that later became Planned Parenthood.
F. Scott Fitzgerald/Ernest Hemingway/Langston Hughes: Influential writers of the early 20th century; Fitzgerald and Hemingway were part of the Lost Generation, while Hughes was a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance.
Chapter 31
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 international treaty that aimed to renounce war as a means of resolving conflicts, ultimately ineffective.
Teapot Dome scandal: 1920s bribery scandal involving the Harding administration's leasing of oil reserves to private companies.
Dawes Plan: 1924 plan to restructure Germany's reparations payments after WWI, stabilizing the German economy through loans from American banks.
Black Tuesday/Stock market crash: October 29, 1929, marked the beginning of the Great Depression due to the collapse of the stock market.
Herbert Hoover/Hoovervilles: 31st U.S. President whose policies were blamed for worsening the Great Depression; shantytowns named "Hoovervilles" symbolized his perceived failure.
Bonus Army: 1932 protest by WWI veterans demanding early payment of a promised bonus, violently dispersed by federal troops under Hoover's orders.
Warren G. Harding: 29th U.S. President known for his "return to normalcy" campaign and administration scandals, including Teapot Dome.
Calvin Coolidge: 30th U.S. President known for his pro-business policies and belief in limited government intervention in the economy.
Chapter 32
New Deal: Series of programs and reforms introduced by FDR to combat the Great Depression, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform.
Hundred Days: The first period of FDR’s presidency in which numerous New Deal programs were rapidly enacted to address the economic crisis.
Dust Bowl: Severe drought and dust storms in the 1930s that devastated the Great Plains, displacing thousands of farmers.
Court-packing plan: FDR’s unsuccessful proposal to expand the Supreme Court in order to gain favorable rulings for New Deal legislation.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 32nd U.S. President who led the country through the Great Depression and WWII with his New Deal policies and leadership.
Chapter 33
Neutrality Acts: Series of laws passed in the 1930s to prevent U.S. involvement in future overseas wars by restricting arms sales and loans to belligerents.
Quarantine Speech: 1937 speech by FDR suggesting that peaceful nations should isolate aggressor nations to prevent the spread of war.
Appeasem*nt: Policy of conceding to aggression by a warlike nation, exemplified by the Munich Agreement allowing Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia.
Tripartite Pact: 1940 alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan, forming the Axis Powers during WWII.
Kristallnacht: 1938 "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany, marking a significant escalation in Nazi persecution.
Lend-Lease Act/Bill: 1941 law allowing the U.S. to supply Allied nations with war materials on a lend-lease basis.
Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941, surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, prompting U.S. entry into WWII.
Mussolini: Fascist dictator of Italy, allied with Nazi Germany during WWII.
Hitler: Nazi dictator of Germany whose aggressive policies led to WWII and the Holocaust.
Executive Order 9066/Internment Camps: 1942 order by FDR authorizing the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.
WACs/WAVES/SPARs: Women's branches of the U.S. Army (WACs), Navy (WAVES), and Coast Guard (SPARs) during WWII, allowing women to serve in non-combat roles.
Code Talkers: Native American soldiers, notably
Battle of Midway: A pivotal 1942 naval battle in the Pacific Theater of WWII, where the U.S. defeated Japan, significantly weakening Japanese naval power.
D-Day: June 6, 1944, Allied invasion of Normandy, France, marking the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany in WWII.
VE Day/VJ Day: Victory in Europe Day (May 8, 1945) marked the Allied victory over Nazi Germany; Victory over Japan Day (August 15, 1945) marked the end of WWII in the Pacific.
Potsdam Conference: 1945 meeting between Truman, Stalin, and Churchill (later Attlee) to negotiate post-WWII order and terms for Japan's surrender.
Manhattan Project: Secret U.S. project during WWII to develop atomic bombs, leading to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Douglas MacArthur/Dwight Eisenhower: Prominent U.S. generals in WWII; MacArthur was key in the Pacific Theater, and Eisenhower led the Allied invasion of Europe.
Harry Truman: 33rd U.S. President who succeeded FDR and made the decision to use atomic bombs on Japan, leading to the end of WWII.
Chapter 35
Cold War: Period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies after WWII, lasting from 1947-1991.
United Nations: International organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations.
Containment: U.S. policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism by providing economic and military aid to countries resisting Soviet influence.
Truman Doctrine/Marshall Plan: Truman Doctrine (1947) pledged U.S. support for countries resisting communism; Marshall Plan (1948) provided economic aid to rebuild European economies.
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 for mutual defense against Soviet aggression.
Korean War: Conflict between North and South Korea from 1950-1953, in which the U.S. and UN supported South Korea against communist North Korea and China.
HUAC/McCarthyism: House Un-American Activities Committee investigated alleged communist activities in the U.S.; McCarthyism refers to Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communist witch hunts.
GI Bill: 1944 law providing benefits to WWII veterans, including financial assistance for education and home loans.
Fair Deal: Truman's domestic policy agenda aimed at expanding New Deal programs, promoting civil rights, and increasing social welfare.
Sunbelt/Levittown: Sunbelt refers to the southern and southwestern U.S., which saw population growth post-WWII; Levittown represents mass-produced suburban housing developments.
Chapter 36
Baby boom: Significant increase in birth rates in the U.S. following WWII, leading to substantial demographic changes.
Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycott: Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat in 1955 sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a key event in the Civil Rights Movement.
Brown v. Board of Education: Landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision declaring racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, founded in 1960 to coordinate petroleum policies and prices among member countries.
Sputnik/Space Race/Apollo: Sputnik was the first artificial satellite, launched by the USSR in 1957; the Space Race was the competition between the U.S. and USSR for space exploration; Apollo was the U.S. program that landed astronauts on the moon in 1969.
Beat Generation/Jack Kerouac: Cultural movement in the 1950s and 1960s that rejected conventional norms, exemplified by writers like Jack Kerouac.
Bay of Pigs Invasion/Cuban Missile Crisis: Failed 1961 U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba; the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation over Soviet missiles in Cuba, bringing the U.S. and USSR close to nuclear war.
MLK, Jr./March on Washington: Martin Luther King Jr. was a key leader in the Civil Rights Movement; the 1963 March on Washington was where he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech.
Ho Chi Minh: Communist leader of North Vietnam who fought against the French and later the U.S. in the Vietnam War.
JFK: John F. Kennedy, 35th U.S. President, known for his Cold War policies, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and support for civil rights before his assassination in 1963.
LBJ: Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th U.S. President, known for his Great Society programs and escalation of the Vietnam War.
Freedom Riders: Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern U.S. in 1961 to challenge local laws.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: Landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Chapter 37
Great Society: LBJ’s domestic programs aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice, including Medicare, Medicaid, and education funding.
Freedom Summer: 1964 campaign to register African American voters in Mississippi, marked by violence and resistance.
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Law eliminating various devices, such as literacy tests, that had been used to restrict African American voting.
Black Power/Black Panthers: Black Power emphasized racial pride and self-sufficiency; the Black Panther Party was a revolutionary socialist organization advocating for African American rights.
Stonewall Rebellion: 1969 uprising by LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City, marking the start of the modern gay rights movement.
Vietnamization: Nixon's strategy to withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and transfer the responsibility for fighting to South Vietnamese forces.
My Lai: Massacre of hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians by U.S. soldiers in 1968, leading to increased anti-war sentiment.
Kent State: 1970 incident where National Guard troops shot and killed four students during anti-Vietnam War protests at Kent State University.
Pentagon Papers: Classified government documents leaked in 1971 revealing misleading information about the Vietnam War, increasing public distrust of the government.
Détente: Period of eased tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union during the 1970s, initiated by Nixon and continued by Ford and Carter.
Nixon Doctrine: Policy stating that the U.S. would support its allies with economic and military aid rather than direct military involvement.
Miranda Warning: Requirement from the 1966 Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona that police inform suspects of their rights before interrogation.
Environmental Protection Agency: Created in 1970 to address environmental protection and enforce regulations.
War Powers Act: 1973 law restricting the President’s power to send U.S. troops into combat without Congressional approval.
Malcolm X: Civil rights leader advocating for black empowerment and self-defense, initially affiliated with the Nation of Islam before being assassinated in 1965.
Miranda v. Arizona: 1966 Supreme Court case establishing that suspects must be informed of their rights to remain silent and to an attorney.
Engel v. Vitale: 1962 Supreme Court case ruling that mandatory prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.
Chapter 38
Oil Embargo: 1973 embargo by OPEC nations on oil exports to the U.S. in response to its support for Israel, leading to an energy crisis.
New Rights: Conservative political movement in the 1970s and 1980s advocating for traditional values, free-market policies, and a strong national defense.
Stagflation/Stagnation: Economic condition of the 1970s characterized by high inflation and high unemployment, challenging traditional economic policies.
Watergate: Political scandal involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and the subsequent cover-up by the Nixon administration, leading to Nixon's resignation.
Roe v. Wade: 1973 Supreme Court case legalizing abortion nationwide, based on a woman's right to privacy.
SALT II: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreement in 1979 between the U.S. and Soviet Union, ultimately not ratified due to Soviet actions in Afghanistan.
Iranian hostage crisis: 1979-1981 crisis where 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage by Iranian revolutionaries, damaging Carter’s presidency.
Gerald Ford: 38th U.S. President who succeeded Nixon after his resignation, known for pardoning Nixon and facing economic challenges.
Phyllis Schlafly: Conservative activist who led opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), arguing it would undermine traditional family values.
Jimmy Carter: 39th U.S. President, known for his focus on human rights, the Camp David Accords, and dealing with the Iranian hostage crisis.
Equal Rights Amendment: Proposed constitutional amendment to guarantee equal rights for all Americans regardless of sex, ultimately not ratified.
Amendments 16-26
16th Amendment: Established the federal income tax (1913).
17th Amendment: Allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people (1913).
18th Amendment: Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages (1919). This led to the Prohibition era.
19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote (1920). This was a significant victory for the women’s suffrage movement.
20th Amendment: Changed the dates for the start of presidential and congressional terms, moving the presidential inauguration from March 4 to January 20 and the start of congressional terms to January 3 (1933). It also included provisions for presidential succession.
21st Amendment: Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition (1933). This amendment is unique for being the only one ratified by state conventions rather than state legislatures.
22nd Amendment: Limited the president to two terms in office (1951). This was a reaction to FDR’s four-term presidency.
23rd Amendment: Granted residents of Washington, D.C. the right to vote for the president and vice president by giving the District three electoral votes (1961).
24th Amendment: Abolished the poll tax, which had been used to prevent African Americans from voting in federal elections (1964).
25th Amendment: Provided clear procedures for presidential succession and for filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president, and outlined procedures for dealing with presidential disabilities (1967).
26th Amendment: Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, extending the right to vote to more young Americans, particularly those eligible for the draft during the Vietnam War (1971).
Muckrakers: Early 20th-century journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices. Notable figures include Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell.
Hippies & Counterculture
Hippies & Counterculture: 1960s-1970s movement rejecting conventional norms, advocating peace, love, and alternative lifestyles, linked to anti-war and civil rights efforts.
New Left
New Left: 1960s-1970s political movement focusing on civil rights, gender equality, anti-war efforts, and social justice, distinct from traditional labor-focused left.
Environmental Changes
Environmental Changes: Increased awareness and activism from the 1960s onward, leading to Earth Day, the EPA, and major environmental laws like the Clean Air Act.
Vietnam War
Vietnam War: 1955-1975 conflict between communist North Vietnam and U.S.-supported South Vietnam, resulting in high casualties and lasting impacts on U.S. policy.
Anti-War Protests
Anti-War Protests: Demonstrations in the 1960s-1970s opposing U.S. involvement in Vietnam, influencing public opinion and government actions.
